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new brake system

The new braking systems
Much has happened since the ABS (Antilock Braking System) will revolutionize the automotive world . For first time an electronic system was capable of acting beyond the driver, adjusting the brakes to prevent wheel lockup and maintain direction. Since then, this system has been improved leading to new models further insurance: the emergency brake assist system BAS, the electronic braking distributor EBD (EBD) Servotronic steering or brakes. BAS Brake Assist System


In a situation of danger, a sensor detects that we walked quickly and forcefully the brake. At that time additional servo actuated maximizing brake pressure and reducing the distance traveled. Electronic EBV
Variation Brake System (EBD)
Through a sensor, regulating the braking force between the front and rear according to the weight of each, sending more or less pressure to the wheels. Servotronic


A new directional braking system is activated when braking in curves. Cuar1do detects that the wheels on one side turn less on a curve and where it is spinning the wheels braking more than one side to get to a directional effect and compensate for the inertia weight v speed.

THE EBV

EBD (EBD) Especially in front-wheel drive vehicles, the ABS works in conjunction with the electronic distribution of braking force (EBV) which ensures optimum brake pressure at the rear wheels. When you brake hard in front-wheel drive vehicles the rear wheels tend to lose grip, so that the system transmits EBV in which case a lower braking pressure (larger, if often slow) trasero.Con the vehicle axis charge is transferred to the rear wheels brake pressure even higher, resulting in better use of the braking force the rear axle, more effective and more uniform wear of balatas.En emergencies, most drivers make two errors to stop: step on the brake too soft or begin to slow down with caution increasing pressure as the danger approaches. This unnecessarily prolongs the braking distance, because the ABS does not go into action either makes it too tarde.BASServofreno emergency. When the system recognizes an emergency situation that requires a halt to fund immediately applied maximum pressure servo frenado.El consists of two chambers separated by a moving diaphragm and subjected to a constant depression. When pressing the brake pedal opens a solenoid valve that allows air entry in one chamber, the pressure varies in proportion to the freno.Se pedal position sensor incorporates a shift diaphragm that detects any movement of the brake pedal. The received data is transmitted to the control unit of the BAS, which analyzes permanentemente.Esta control unit recognizes any rapid variation, especially in the brake pedal position and identified with an emergency situation. Immediately activates a solenoid valve that lets air into one chamber of the servo, which generates the maximum pressure frenado.Cuando the driver takes his foot off the brake, the control unit reacts immediately closing the valve, assuming intervention ended Brake emergencia.Al be interconnected with the control panels of the ABS, ASR or ESP, as well; as with the electronic equipment of engine and gearbox, the BAS receives information during the march that let in all situations to ensure an optimum adaptation of the braking pressure. This can be done thoroughly braking when braking oportuno.BDCControl Dynamics. Has a function comparable to that of the regulated reaction BAS.ETSSistema electrónicamenteAntes when problems occurred Traction resorted to automatic locking differential (ASD) in which the blocking effect is generated in the disks of the differential or, in the total.Hoy traction these days is entrusted this task to two advanced systems: the electronic traction system (ETS) or non-slip traction system (ASR). The electronic traction system (ETS) ensures maximum traction when starting or when accelerating, even in extreme situations. No involvement in the management system engine brakes are applied selectively on motrices.Al wheels as in the ABS wheel sensors report the speed of them. If one of the driving wheels start spinning in a vacuum, ETS increases the braking pressure on the wheel and brake question instantáneamente.El braking torque generated at the wheel tends to skid is immediately transmitted as a pair of drive to the wheel with better grip. When normalized the torque is no longer applied pressure frenado.De Thus, the wheel is always in the most favorable range of traction and the vehicle retains its trayectoria.Esta intervention on the brakes can be done when starting from a path with a different grip, acting as a blocking diferencial.El EDS (electronic differential lock) is very similar to ETS and, like this, does not intervene in the electronic system motor.TRACSTraction Management Control System (Control traction). Presents a structure and mode of operation similar to the formula EDS.ASR While the ETS to improve traction is to apply the brakes ASR also intervene, if necessary, the engine management system, offering greater stability from start-up speed plus security máxima.Este shows especially on cars with large engine power : in wet or frozen roads, even the most experienced drivers have difficulty managing the throttle as accurately and quickly as does the ASR.Cada wheel has a sensor that records your speed. These data are analyzed in the control unit. If the driver presses the accelerator so hard that the drive wheels begin to spin in vacuum, the ASR show that the motor drive torque is too high. With the electronic throttle it acts on the throttle butterfly in milliseconds, which automatically reduces the throttle (though the driver is stepping on the accelerator). If accused of slipping wheels, braking system also involved a wheel motor or both simultaneously (if the speed exceeds 40 km / h). The ASR uses 2 circuits of regulation: the brake system and engine. Besides the effect of braking slip regulation ABS, ASR prevents the driven wheels to rotate at idle and helps stabilize the vehicle's path regardless of speed when starting and accelerating, cornering, with ice sheets or maneuver bruscamente.DSASistema non-slip works at any speed. This equipment uses the ABS system sensors and engine management to prevent the wheels from turning in vacío.Pero, unlike ASR, does not intervene on the brakes or engine power varies across the choke butterfly but acts on the fuel injection flow. The driver clearly note the operation of the system.

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OBDII codes


P0100 Mass or Volume Air Flow Circuit Malfunction
circuit malfunction mass or volume flow of air

P0101 Mass or Volume Air Flow Circuit Range / Performance Problem.
. * Circuit variation of resistance, mass flow or volume of air with performance problems

P0102 Mass or Volume Air Flow Circuit Low Input
weak input circuit mass flow or volume of air

P0103 Mass or Volume Air Flow Circuit High Input Entry
Circuit Heavy Mass or Volume Flow Air

P0104 Mass or Volume Air Flow Circuit Intermittent Flow Circuit
Mass or Volume Air Iintermitente

P0105 Manifold Absolute Pressure / barometric Pressure Circuit Malfunction
Circuit Malfunction ; Barometric Pressure / Absolute Pressure Manifold

P0106 \u200b\u200bManifold Absolute Pressure / barometric Pressure Circuit Range / Performance Problem ..
circuit variation of the signal *; Barometric Pressure / Absolute Pressure Manifold, Troubleshooting.
P0107 Manifold Absolute Pressure
/ barometric Pressure Circuit Low Input
. Manifold Absolute Pressure / Barometric Sensor, Signal
Low Input P0108 Manifold Absolute Pressure
/ barometric Pressure Circuit High Input
Manifold Absolute Pressure / Barometric Sensor, Input signal High

P0109 Manifold Absolute Pressure / barometric Pressure Absolute Pressure Circuit Intermittent
Manifold / Barometric Sensor, blinking

P0110 Intake Air Temperature Circuit Malfunction
. funcionamieto Poor's, Circuit inlet temperature of air.

P0111 Intake Air Temperature Circuit Range / Performance Problem .. Circuit
* signal variation, the air temperature of entrada.con multiple malfunctions.

P0112 Intake Air Temperature Circuit Low Input low input
Circuit of air temperature in the intake manifold.

P0113 Intake Air Temperature Circuit High Input
strong input signal, the circuit of the air temperature in the intake manifold.

P0114 Intake Air Temperature Circuit Intermittent
Signal Circuit Intermittent air temperature in the intake manifold. P0115 Engine Coolant

Temperature Circuit Malfunction
. Circuit Malfunction water temperature in the engine

P0116 Engine Coolant Temperature Circuit Range / Performance Problem *
circuit variation of the signal in water temperarure motor.con malfunction.
P0117 Engine Coolant Temperature Circuit
Low Input
low input, the coolant temperature circuit in the motor

P0118 Engine Coolant Temperature Circuit High Input
strong input signal, the coolant temperature circuit in the motor
P0119
Engine Coolant Temperature Circuit Intermittent Intermittent Signal
coolant temperature circuit
engine
P0120 Throttle / Pedal Position Sensor / Switch A Circuit Malfunction Malfunction
Sensor Circuit-breaker position Gorge
P0120 ETS
Acceleration Position Sensor Malfunction MainThrottle
(Hyundai) throttle position sensor, Circuit Malfunction switch [circuito.de voltage variation]

P0121 Throttle / Pedal Position Sensor / Switch A Circuit Range / Performance Problem .. Circuit
* of resistance variation, sensor-switch position of the throat acceleration with performance problems

P0122 Throttle / Pedal Position Sensor / Switch A Circuit Low Input
weak signal input, the circuit switch position sensor, throat acceleration

P0123 Throttle / Pedal Position Sensor / Switch A Circuit High Input Signal Intense
input circuit switch position sensor, throat acceleration

P0124 Throttle / Pedal Position Sensor / Switch A Circuit Intermittent Intermittent
signal circuit switch position sensor, throat acceleration

P0125 Insufficient Coolant Temperature for Closed Loop Fuel Control Temperature
insufficient coolant in the engine, to close the control circuit fuel.
P0126 Insufficient Coolant Temperature
for Stable Operation
Insufficient coolant temperature, for stable operation
P0128
Range / Performance Problem In Thermostat (Acura)


P0128 ECT Below Thermostat Regulating Temperature (GM)


P0130 O2 Sensor Circuit Malfunction (Bank 1 Sensor 1)
Oxygen Sensor, Malfunction circuit [bank 1 sensor 1]

P0131 O2 Sensor Circuit Low Voltage (Bank 1 Sensor 1)
Oxygen Sensor, Low Voltage circuit [bank 1 sensor 1]

P0132 O2 Sensor Circuit High Voltage (Bank 1 Sensor 1 )
Oxygen Sensor, High Voltage in the circuit [bank 1 sensor 1]

P0133 O2 Sensor Circuit Slow Response (Bank 1 Sensor 1) Oxygen Sensor
. slow response [Bank 1 sensor 1]

P0134 O2 Sensor Circuit No Activity Detected (Bank 1 Sensor 1) Oxygen Sensor
, no activity is detected in the circuit [bank 1 sensor 1]

P0135 O2 Sensor Heater Circuit Malfunction (Bank 1 Sensor 1)
Oxygen Sensor, circuit malfunction, the resistance that heats [Bank 1 Sensor1]

P0136 O2 Sensor Circuit Malfunction (Bank 1 Sensor 2)
Oxygen Sensor Circuit Malfunction [bank 1 sensor 2]
P0137
O2 Sensor Circuit Low Voltage (Bank 1 Sensor 2)
Oxygen Sensor, Voltage Low [bank 1 sensor2]

P0138 O2 Sensor Circuit High Voltage (Bank 1 Sensor 2)
Oxygen Sensor, High Voltage [Bank 1 Sensor 2]

P0139 O2 Sensor Circuit Slow Response (Bank 1 Sensor 2) Oxygen Sensor
, Circuit Slow Response [Bank 1 Sensor 2]

P0140 O2 Sensor Circuit No Activity Detected (Bank 1 Sensor 2)
Oxygen Sensor, No activity detected in the circuit [bank 1 sensor 2]

P0141 O2 Sensor Heater Circuit Malfunction (Bank 1 Sensor 2) Oxygen Sensor
, circuit malfunction that heated resistance, [Bank 1 sensor 2]

P0142 O2 Sensor Circuit Malfunction (Bank 1 Sensor 3)
Oxygen Sensor, Circuit Malfunction [bank 1 Sensor 3]

P0143 O2 Sensor Circuit Low Voltage (Bank 1 Sensor 3)
Oxygen Sensor, Low Voltage circuit [Banco1 Sensor3]

P0144 O2 Sensor Circuit High Voltage (Bank 1 Sensor 3) Oxygen Sensor
High Voltage in the circuit [bank 1 sensor3]

P0145 O2 Sensor Circuit Slow Response ( Bank 1 Sensor 3)
oxygen sensor, slow response of the circuit [bank 1 sensor 3]

P0146 O2 Sensor Circuit No Activity Detected (Bank 1 Sensor 3) Oxygen Sensor
, no activity is detected in the circuit [Bank 1 sensor 3]

P0147 O2 Sensor Heater Circuit Malfunction (Bank 1 Sensor 3)
Oxygen Sensor, Circuit Malfunction of the resistance that heats it, [Bank 1 sensor 3]

P0150 O2 Sensor Circuit Malfunction (Bank 2 Sensor 1)
Oxygen Sensor, Circuit Malfunction [Bank 2 Sensor 1]

P0151 O2 Sensor Circuit Low Voltage (Bank 2 Sensor 1)
Oxygen Sensor, Low Voltage circuit [Guarantees2 Sensor1]

P0152 O2 Sensor Circuit High Voltage (Bank 2 Sensor 1) Oxygen Sensor
High Voltage in the circuit [bank 2 sensor 1]

P0153 O2 Sensor Circuit Slow Response (Bank 2 Sensor 1
) oxygen sensor, slow response circuit [bank 2sensor 1]

P0154 O2 Sensor Circuit No Activity Detected (Bank 2 Sensor 1) Oxygen Sensor
, no activity is detected in the circuit [Guarantees2 sensor 1]

P0155 O2 Sensor Heater Circuit Malfunction (Bank 2 Sensor 1)
Oxygen Sensor, Circuit Malfunction of the resistance that heats it, [Bank 2 sensor 1]

P0156 O2 Sensor Circuit Malfunction (Bank 2 Sensor 2)
Oxygen Sensor, Circuit Malfunction [Bank 2 Sensor 2]

P0157 O2 Sensor Circuit Low Voltage (Bank 2 Sensor 2)
Oxygen Sensor, Low Voltage circuit [Bank 2 Sensor 2]

P0158 O2 Sensor Circuit High Voltage (Bank 2 Sensor 2)
Oxygen Sensor High Voltage in the circuit [bank 2 sensor 2]

P0159 O2 Sensor Circuit Slow Response (Bank 2 Sensor 2) Oxygen Sensor
, Circuit Slow Response [bank 2 sensor 2]
P0160 O2 Sensor
Circuit No Activity Detected (Bank 2 Sensor 2) Oxygen Sensor
, no activity is detected in the circuit [banco2sensor 2]

P0161 O2 Sensor Heater Circuit Malfunction (Bank 2 Sensor 2)
Oxygen Sensor, Circuit Malfunction the resistance that heats it, [Bank 2 Sensor 2]

P0162 O2 Sensor Circuit Malfunction (Bank 2 Sensor 3)
Oxygen Sensor, Circuit Malfunction [Bank 2 Sensor 3]

P0163 O2 Sensor Circuit Low Voltage (Bank 2 Sensor 3)
Oxygen Sensor, Low Voltage circuit [Banco1 Sensor3]

P0164 O2 Sensor Circuit High Voltage (Bank 2 Sensor 3) Oxygen Sensor
High Voltage in the circuit [bank 2 sensor 3]

P0165 O2 Sensor Circuit Slow Response (Bank 2 Sensor 3)
Oxygen Sensor, Circuit Slow Response [Bank 2 sensor 3]

P0166 O2 Sensor Circuit No Activity Detected (Bank 2 Sensor 3 Sensor
Oxygen no activity is detected in the circuit [bank 2 sensor 3]

P0167 O2 Sensor Heater Circuit Malfunction (Bank 2 Sensor 3)
Oxygen Sensor, Circuit Malfunction of the resistance that heats it, [Bank 2 sensor 3]

P0170 Fuel Trim Malfunction (Bank 1)
compensator malfunction gasoline [Bank 1]

P0171 System too Lean (Bank 1) System
Mixture too lean [Bank 1] ► -experiences

P0172 System too Rich (Bank 1)
system too rich mixture [Bank 1]

P0173 Fuel Trim Malfunction (Bank 2)
compensator malfunction gasoline [Bank 2]

P0174 System too Lean (Bank 2 )
System too lean mixture [Bank 2] ► - experiences

P0175 System too Rich (Bank 2)
Mixture too lean system [Guarantees2]

P0176 Fuel Composition Sensor Circuit Malfunction
faulty circuit, the sensor composition
Fuel Composition Sensor P0177 Fuel
Circuit Range / Performance *
circuit resistance variation, the fuel composition sensor, operating problems.

P0178 Fuel Composition Sensor Circuit Low Input low input
Circuit, the fuel composition sensor

P0179 Fuel Composition Sensor Circuit High Input Circuit High Signal
, the fuel composition sensor

P0180 Fuel Temperature Sensor A Circuit Malfunction
circuit malfunction, sensor "A" fuel temperature

P0181 Fuel Temperature Sensor A Circuit Range / Performance *
circuit resistance variation of sensor "A" fuel temperature, with performance problems .

P0182 Fuel Temperature Sensor A Circuit Low Input Signal
weak input A temperature sensor fuel

P0183 Fuel Temperature Sensor A Circuit High Input
Strong Signal input A temperature sensor fuel

P0184 Fuel Temperature Sensor A Circuit Intermittent
Signal Blinker A temperature sensor
Fuel P0185 Fuel Temperature Sensor B
Circuit Malfunction
circuit malfunction, sensor "B" fuel temperature

P0186 Fuel Temperature Sensor B Circuit Range / Performance *
circuit resistance variation, the sensor "B" temperature fuel, with operating problems.

P0187 Fuel Temperature Sensor B Circuit Low Input
Weak signal input sensor "B" fuel temperature

P0188 Fuel Temperature Sensor B Circuit High Input
Strong Signal input sensor "B" fuel temperature

P0189 Fuel Temperature Sensor B Circuit Intermittent
Signal Blinker sensor "B" fuel temperature

P0190 Fuel Rail Pressure Sensor Circuit Malfunction
circuit malfunction in the pressure sensor in the fuel rail injectors.

P0191 Fuel Rail Pressure Sensor Circuit Range / Performance *
circuit resistance variation, the fuel pressure sensor on the rail of injectors, with operational problems. P0192

Fuel Rail Pressure Sensor Circuit Low Input
weak input signal, the circuit pressure sensor, fuel injectors in the rail

P0193 Fuel Rail Pressure Sensor Circuit High Input
intense input signal in the sensor circuit fuel pressure in the injectors rail

P0194 Fuel Rail Pressure Sensor Circuit Intermittent Intermittent
signal in the sensor circuit pressure fuel injectors in the rail

P0195 Engine Oil Temperature Sensor Malfunction
sensor malfunction of engine oil temperature

P0196 Engine Oil Temperature Sensor Range / Performance *
circuit variation of resistance temperature sensor in the engine oil with performance problems.

P0197 Engine Oil Temperature Sensor Low
weak signal from the temperature sensor engine oil

P0198 Engine Oil Temperature Sensor High
intense sensor signal of engine oil temperature

P0199 Engine Oil Temperature Sensor Intermittent Signal Intermittent
temperature sensor engine oil

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ANTYLOCK

As we have seen the times change people and transport Tembien do and people together with manufacturers looking for convenience and the automatuzacion of everything that will show you some updates in the automotive vehicle





HCCI A RADICAL CHANGE THE FUEL
other engineers had dreamed of it, had discussed it, and even had given lectures about it, but today - for the first time - General Motors Corporation (NYSE: GM - news ) reveals the automotive world, "the most awaited combustion technology" of the past 30 years. GM demonstrated the combustion process, known formally as on homogeneous charge compression, or HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition), for the first time in two concept vehicles ready to operate, Saturn Aura and Opel Vectra. When combined with advanced technologies available, such as direct injection, the phase variation of electrical distribution, the standard variable valve sensors and pressure gauges on the cylinder HCCI get up to 15% savings in fuel, while allowing for meeting future emissions standards. "I remember debating the feasibility of this combustion system when I was in college," said Tom Stephens, Vice President Group GM Powertrain and Quality. "Then it was like a dream. Today, using math-based predictive analysis and other tools, are beginning to see how we can realize this technology. By combining HCCI with other advanced gasoline and control technologies, we can offer customers a good fuel economy. " In an integrated engine concept, HCCI along with other enabling advanced technologies approaches the engine efficiency of a diesel engine, but without the need for expensive treatment systems of exhaust gases to reduce NOx. Its efficiency is determined from the combustion of fuel at lower temperatures and reducing energy heat during the combustion process. Consequently, carbon dioxide emissions are lower because the engine running HCCI is more efficient. Cars HCCI-powered concept - a Saturn Aura and an Opel Vectra derived from both standard and equipped with 2.2-liter ECOTEC four-cylinder, function as conventional vehicles, but offer savings of up to 15% in consumption fuel when compared with the same models with conventional jet engines. (This fuel savings can vary depending on the use of the vehicle and driving cycle made by each client) concept cars ready to move represent one of the first tangible demonstrations of HCCI technology application outside the laboratory. "I am proud of the progress made by our engineers," said Stephens. "It is another initiative of General Motors in its strategy of advanced propulsion systems to reduce our dependence on oil. Together, HCCI, direct injection, distribution and variable valvelift and Active Fuel Management contribute to improving efficiency, reducing consumption and improving the performance of our internal combustion engines. I am confident that HCCI technology one day occupy a prominent place in our future range of low-power models. " Highlights of HCCI technology include: • Efficiency similar to that of a diesel engine with a substantial reduction in the costs of treating exhaust gases tested · Developed on gasoline engines with direct injection and variable valve timing technology · Adaptable to conventional architectures other gasoline engines Compatible with all types of commercially available gasoline and E85 bioethanol HCCI How the HCCI engine with a compression-ignited inside the cylinder a mixture of air and fuel. Unlike a gasoline engine with spark plugs or diesel engine, HCCI engine this is done at low temperature and no energy losses flame throughout the combustion chamber. All the fuel is ignited in the chamber simultaneously. This process produces an output similar to current gasoline engines, but using less fuel to do so. Heat is needed for the HCCI process works, so these engines feature a traditional spark plug to generate the heat needed in the cylinders and the catalyst system, the cold start to allow the operation of HCCI . During HCCI mode, the mixing ratio is relatively poor, which means that a larger percentage of air in the mixture. The lean operation of HCCI can bring efficiency in consumption of a diesel engine, but the system of treating exhaust gases is that of a conventional gasoline car. Diesel engines require a system for treating exhaust gases to reduce their emissions much more complex and costly. HCCI technology is based on the integration of advanced engine technologies - many of which are already used today in cars as standard and can be adapted to current gasoline engines. The compression ratio is similar to that of gasoline engines and conventional direct injection is compatible with all commercially available gasoline and E85 ethanol. GM has shown prototypes of the technology adaptation in HCCI concept cars ready to move vehicles that are based on normal production in series, like the Saturn Aura and Opel Vectra. The Aura features an automatic transmission, while the Vectra, which is aimed at European market, has manual transmission. Both cars are powered by a 2.2-liter Ecotec engine (180 hp and 230 Nm) that features a central direct injection system with variable elevation of both intake valves and the exhaust, electric variable valve timing on both camshafts and pressure sensors in each of the cylinders to control the combustion as well as offering a smooth transition between combustion modes. A sophisticated controller, using pressure sensors in the cylinders and the system developed by GM's control algorithms, manages the processes of combustion and HCCI combustion with traditional spark plug. Switching between two modes of combustion is felt in the prototypes, but the intention is that production models this change is imperceptible, similar to the operation of disabling the Active Fuel Management, GM. Currently, the prototypes shown by GM can operate in HCCI mode up to about about 55 mph (90 km / h) speed, changing spark operation at higher speeds or when it requires more engine performance. It aims to increase the use of HCCI to improve motor control systems and devices that perform electronic management. "Perhaps the greatest challenge for HCCI is controlling the combustion process," said Dr. Uwe Grebe, executive director of GM Powertrain Advanced Engineering. "With spark ignition, you can adjust the time of the spark and intensity, but with the flameless combustion system HCCI, we need to change the mixture composition and temperature of a very complex way to get a similar benefits. " The global HCCI team GM will continue to develop this technology in diverse operating conditions throughout the world, from extreme heat to the air conditions with low oxygen at high altitude. "Although development costs HCCI have been substantial, we have taken a big step forward by offering the most awaited combustion technology and move from the laboratory to the road in the concept cars Saturn Aura and Opel Vectra. Others are still needed additional development costs, among which include research and testing program for this technology can work in a variety of driving situations that require the customers, "said Dr. Grebe. General Motors Corp. (NYSE: GM), the largest automaker in the world, has remained a leader of worldwide sales for the last 76 years. Founded in 1908, GM today employs about 280,000 people worldwide. Based in Detroit ( DETROIT.SN - news ), GM manufactures its cars and trucks in 33 countries. In 2006 it sold nearly 9.1 million GM cars and trucks under the following brands: Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, GM Daewoo, Holden, HUMMER, Opel, Pontiac, Saab (Stockholm: SAABB.ST - News ), Saturn and Vauxhall. GM's OnStar subsidiary is the industry leader in security and information services for vehicles. More information on GM www.gm.com.

TECHNOLOGY ANTIATROPELLO

For example, Ford shows one of their latest developments, external airbags to prevent injury to pedestrians in case of violation. These bags are still being studied, but its operation is simple: spread out the windshield and front bumper when activated by a sensors.
Honda also brings some surprises. Stresses its infrared camera flashes alerts by pedestrians, but as sure-not-disturb other drivers. In addition, the Japanese firm harnesses the conference to showcase their latest crash tests conducted for pedestrians. The protagonist is a new dummy named Polar II, a pedestrian who is hit suffered again and again (do not miss the pictures). For example, Ford shows one of their latest developments, external airbags to prevent injury to pedestrians in case of violation. These bags are still being studied, but its operation is simple: spread out the windshield and front bumper when activated sensors.
Honda also brings some surprises. Stresses its infrared camera flashes alerts by pedestrians, but as sure-not-disturb other drivers. In addition, the Japanese firm harnesses the conference to showcase their latest crash tests conducted for pedestrians. The protagonist is a new dummy named Polar II, a pedestrian who is hit suffered again and again.

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FUTURE BREAK SYSTEM (ABS)

Operation
The ABS works in conjunction with traditional braking system. Consists of a pump that is incorporated into the circuits of brake fluid and in a few detectors that control the speed of the wheels. If hard braking one or more wheels suddenly reduced its speed, the ABS detects and interprets what the wheels are about to be blocked without the vehicle is stopped. This means that the vehicle starts to skid, and therefore, to slide on the floor without control. To avoid this, the sensors send a signal to the ABS Central, which reduces pressure on the brakes done, without involving the driver in it. When the situation has normalized and the wheels spin again correctly, the system allows the pressure on the brakes to come and perform with all the intensity. The ABS control again the turn of the wheels and acts again if they are about to be blocked by the brake force. In the event that the system involved, the procedure is repeated very quickly, about 50 to 100 times per minute, which means that the driver perceives a vibration in the brake pedal.
allows the driver to continue having control over the vehicle's path, with the consequent possibility to avoid the obstacle causing the risk.

Using ABS keeps the during braking coefficient of friction static, as it prevents slippage occurs on the road. Given that the coefficient static friction is greater than the friction coefficient dynamic braking distance is always reduced with ABS.
Although the ABS system is useful in almost all situations, it is indispensable on slippery surfaces such as wet or icy pavement, as in these cases the difference between coefficient of friction static and dynamic is particularly high.
When driving on snow or gravel and no ABS brakes, there is the sinking of the wheels on the pavement, leading to an arrest of more efficient car. The ABS system, to avoid slipping on the floor also prevents the wheels from sinking, so that these types of surface, and desiring a stopping distance as short as possible would be desirable to disable the ABS action.

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is a component that is designed to provide the high voltage needed to ignite the spark s mixture inside the engine cylinders


consists of a primary coil qyue varies its number of turns for each coil type
a secondary coil has many more the primary turns the secondary winding elva is the tension and sends it to the dealer
base and ferrous center

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IGNITION COIL IGNITION SYSTEMS

Power Equipment
's team turned on the air-fuel mixture which is compressed inside the cylinder. EI
ignition equipment is required to generate enough spark to ignite the fuel-air mixture and to generate the sparks to the distribution corresponding to the engine operating condition, it is also extremely durable.

Ignition Coil
This device generates the high voltage needed for ignition. The secondary winding is wrapped around the core, which is made from thin iron plates glued layers. On this, the primary winding is wound. The current is sent intermittently to the primary coil according to the opening and closing of the points in the distributor and the secondary coil wrapped around the core generates the high voltage delivered by the coil.

High Voltage Cable
These are cables that reliably transmit the high voltage generated in the ignition coil to the spark plugs. Conductors (wire core) of these cables are covered with a thick layer of rubber insulation to prevent the loss of high voltage. These cables connect the coil Power to the dealer and distributor to the spark plugs. Distributor

The dealer section consists of a power distributor which distributes the current to each spark plug according to the firing sequence, a signal generator which sends power on and off the ignition coil and controlling an advanced ignition timing according to engine conditions. Spark Ignition

current high voltage (10 to 30 kV) from the distributor generates a high temperature spark between the center electrode and ground (earth) of the spark to ignite the mixture compressed air-fuel. This will turn the air-fuel mixture in the cylinder. Spark plugs are divided into the kind of high thermal value and spark plugs low thermal value, depending on the degree of dispersion (thermal value) received heat when the air-fuel mixture is burned. This degree is expressed by a number. Generally, the spark plugs that are suitable for engine and vehicle model are selected, then a specific type of spark plug should be used o.
Mostly, spark plugs are specified clearly described in the Service Specifications with items including motor Repair Manual. Construction of
plugs Spark plugs are constructed as shown in the illustration. The Aito voltage from the distributor is driven to the terminal and passed through the central electrode and resistor, and then generates sparks on the (A) in the illustration. The resistor is included to avoid the "noise" picked up by radio, and is generated by high voltage sparks.

Heat Range Spark
a heat range of spark concerns the operating temperature the same plug A spark plug dissipates more heat is called " colder plug "because it stays cooler, while a spark that dissipates much less heat is known as hot plugs, because it maintains its heat.
The length of the insulator tip (T) of hot and cold candles varies as shown in Fig. The colder plug is the length of the shorter insulator nose (see). Since the surface area exposed to the flame is small and the heat radiation path is short, heat radiation is excellent and the center electrode temperature is not very high. For this reason, we use a colder plug, since it is more difficult than pre-ignition occurs.
On the other hand, because the hot spark plug insulator tip is longer (see c), the surface area exposed to the flame is higher, the heat radiation path is long and the radiation is small . As a result, the central electrode temperature rises too high and self-cleaning temperature can be achieved more rapidly in the range of low speeds in the case of a colder plug. IMPORTANT

There are several standards for candles including not only the thermal range, but also the size of the thread, the projection of the central electrode, etc. to qualify for each vehicle model. Therefore, when you need to replace the spark plugs must be used to meet the standards required for each individual vehicle.

IGNITION PLATINOS

Otto In all other fuel-air mixture is ignited by action external. This is done by an electric spark to produce ignition systems. The spark has to ignite the fuel / air mixture at the precise moment in all operating conditions. For this, the battery voltage of 12 volts is transformed to the voltage of about 10,000 V to 24,000 V, so you can jump a spark in the spark plug electrodes.
power system considered in this project is called the ignition coil and mechanical switch.
transformer coil is used to raise the voltage of the battery. The switch, also known as platinum, is nothing more than a switch capable of interrupting the current flowing through the coil.
To achieve the increase of tension is necessary to: 1 .- The platinum must be closed to allow current flowing in the coil, creating a magnetic field within it. (Primary circuit). 2 .- The platinum must open to interrupt current, which results in increased voltage then required to cause the spark plug. (Secondary circuit).
These two steps produce a spark, therefore, be repeated as often as necessary to keep the motor running. In other words, while a person remains on the engine of his vehicle, the points open and close thousands of times per minute. The problem with this type of system is the large amount of current that must run on the points to feed due to the primary winding of the coil. This current flow causes a lot of heat, forming a crater on the surface of the contacts and the mismatch of the same, thus causing a decrease in system efficiency, which in turn causes higher fuel consumption, power loss, a rapid deterioration of the spark plugs, etc.
The device presented in this project increases the life span of the points, therefore, it results in a power system more efficient and less costly to maintain.

MOULE THE ELECTRONIC IGNITION

tner For this we note that the module is a very delicate and that this should be aware of your configuration:

GATE G = B = BAT W = C = COLLECTOR COIL

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The Transistor is an electronic device semiconductor that acts as amplifier, oscillator , switch or rectifier . The term "transistor" is a contraction in English Shuttle resistor (resistance Transfer "). Today they are found in almost all everyday household goods, radios, televisions, recorders, audio and video players, microwave ovens, washing machines, cars, refrigeration, alarm clocks, quartz, computers, calculators, printers, fluorescent lamps, X-ray equipment, scanners, ultrasound scanners, mp3 players, cell phones, etc..
Substitute thermionic valve of three electrodes or triode, the bipolar transistor was invented at Bell Laboratories of EE. UU. in December 1947 by John Bardeen , Walter Houser Brattain and William Bradford Shockley , who were awarded the Nobel Prize of Physics in 1956.
The transistor consists of a substrate (usually silicon) and three parts artificially doped two junctions are bipolar, the transmitter that emits carriers, the collector who receives or collects and the third, which is sandwiched between the first two, modulates the passage of these carriers (base). Unlike the valves, the transistor is a current controlled device and obtained amplified current. In the design of transistor circuits are considered an active element, unlike resistors, capacitors and inductors are passive elements . Its operation can only be explained by quantum mechanics .
In simple terms, the current flowing through the "collector" is amplified function that is injected into the "sender", but the transistor graduates only the current flowing through itself, except from a DC source feeds the "base" to circulate the load by the "collector", according to the type of circuit is used. The amplification factor achieved between base current and collector current, the transistor is called Beta. Other parameters to consider that are specific to each type of transistor are: Breakdown Voltage Collector Emitter, Base Emitter, Collector Base, Maximum power, heat dissipation, operating frequency, and several tables where the different parameters are plotted such as base current, collector emitter voltage, base-emitter voltage, emitter current, etc. The three basic types of schemes use analog transistors are common emitter, common collector and common base. Later models
described transistor, bipolar transistor (FET transistors, MOSFET, JFET, CMOS, VMOS, etc.) Do not use the current to be injected into the terminal of "base" for modular the emitter current or collector, but the voltage at the terminal door or gate control and graduates channel conductance between source and drain terminals. Thus, the output current in the load connected to the drain (D) will be amplified function. This tension between the Gate (Gate) and source (Source). Its operation is analogous to the triode , except that the equivalent triode gate, drain and source are grating, plate and cathode.
The field effect transistors, are those that have allowed large-scale integration we enjoy today, to have a rough idea can be made thousands of interconnected transistors per square centimeter in several layers

1.1 CASCADE SYSTEM WITH TRANSISTORS

HIGH IMPEDANCE CIRCUIT comprises a pair of circuit composed of a first transistor and a second transistor CIRCUIT AND BUFFER. INCLUDES A PAIR OF TYPE NPN TRANSISTORS FORMED FROM A cascading NPN type transistor and a pair of PNP type transistor is comprised of a cascade connection of PNP type transistors, AND BASES TYPE NPN TRANSISTOR TRANSISTOR AND BASES TYPE PNP which correspond to TRANSISTORS NPN TYPES ARE CONNECTED TO ONE ANOTHER. RESPECTIVELY OF HOW TO SET UP CURRENT MIRROR CIRCUIT. OUTPUT TORQUE DIFFERENTIAL CIRCUIT IS CONNECTED TO A POINT PAR Cascading TYPE NPN TRANSISTOR AND A TRANSMITTER OF AN NPN TRANSISTOR TYPE WITHIN THE PAIR OF TYPE NPN TRANSISTORS CONNECTED THROUGH AN EARTH E CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE, AND THE ISSUER IS TO BE THE BASIS OF FIRST Transi STORY THROUGH THE SECOND TRAFFIC rheostat, RESPECTIVELY. Accordingly, the output PAR CIRCUIT OF DIFFERENTIAL INPUT is fed PAR DIFFERENCE CIRCUIT FOR EXAMPLE THE BASIS OF FIRST AND SECOND TRANSISTOR TRANSISTOR BASE CURRENT AS.